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ESP (Extrasensory Perception)
The ability to perceive
information without the benefit of the senses. Such perceptions, collectively called PSI phenomena, are grouped in four main
categories: telepathy, or mind-to-mind
communication; clairvoyance, or the
awareness of remote objects, persons, or events; precognition,
or the knowledge of events lying in the future; and retrocognition, or the knowledge of past
events in the absence of access to information about those events.
Scientific theory does not recognize
modes of perception other than those mediated by the sense organs and other body systems,
so ESP by definition lies outside the realm of scientific explanation. Claims for the
occurrence of ESP therefore remain controversial, although the converse condition also
holds, that the existence of ESP cannot positively be disproved.
In the twentieth century, attempts at
controlled study of ESP phenomena have been undertaken by various persons and groups (see
Parapsychology). Such researchers
often claim that ESP experiences can be induced by hypnosis, chemicals, or other
artificial means so that they can be measured precisely under laboratory conditions. The
scientific community as a whole does not accept ESP research reports, because it does not
find them verifiable or reproducible. Parapsychologists and others, however, maintain that
ESP exists and should be explored even should it remain beyond the bounds of scientific
understanding.
The number of ESP experiments in modern
times is enormous. Relatively few have been conducted under proper supervision, and it
must be admitted that some have been found to have involved cheating. For example, one of
the first properly recorded tests was arranged in 1882, soon after the formation of the British Society for Psychical Research, when its
first President, Henry Sidgwick, announced that the five young daughters of an English
clergyman had convinced independent investigators of their telepathic abilities. However,
six years later they were caught using a code to communicate with each other.
A more successful experiment in
telepathy was conducted in 1937 by Harold Sherman and Sir Hubert Wilkins, when Wilkins, an
Australian explorer, was hired by the Russians to find a pilot who had disappeared in the
Arctic. Sherman suggested to Wilkins that during his trip they should try to communicate
by telepathy. Three days each week Wilkins sat down and reviewed the day's events; in New
York, Sherman sat in near-darkness and wrote down anything that came into his head. Among
other incidents, Sherman learned of a fire at a place called Aklavik before the news came
by radio.
There have been some spectacular results under strictly controlled conditions. One of the
most famous was reported in 1937 by Professor Riess of Hunter College, New York. On a
number of evenings, Riess turned face-upward a series of cards from a newly shuffled pack
on his desk, and his subject wrote down the cards that came to mind. Two packs of 25 cards
were used each day. Gradually, the subject became more accurate; and on the last nine days
of the experiment her score of successes was 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 19, 20, 21 and 21
so far above chance as to be astonishing, and by far the highest score ever recorded in a
series of ESP experiments.
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Further info:
Extrasensory Perception.
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